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J. Electromagn. Eng. Sci > Volume 23(5); 2023 > Article
Sung: Novel Multi-Band Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Antenna and Extension to a Deca-Band Antenna

Abstract

In this letter, a deca-band substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna with filtering function is proposed. The number of slots was increased from 4 to 10, and the quad-band antenna design is extended to a deca-band antenna. At this time, good impedance matching characteristics are maintained without changing other parameters except the patch length. The fabricated deca-band antenna has 10 resonances between 3–4.4 GHz and a broadside radiation pattern characteristic at each resonance frequency, and the measured gain is 1.8–4.2 dBi.

I. Introduction

Recently, in mobile communication, a wideband antenna has been required because multimedia, such as video, must be transmitted. In contrast, some applications require multiband antennas with a narrow bandwidth. Partial discharge (PD) is a prebreakdown phenomenon in high-voltage equipment. In this case, the PD phenomenon occurs sporadically in several narrow bands over a wide range of bands [1]. In the terahertz band, even if the bandwidth is 1%, it corresponds to several gigahertz or more. Also, it is not preferred to use power over a wideband because it is more difficult than obtaining the same level of power in a low-frequency band [2].
Single-feed multiband antennas are also investigated, as summarized in Table 1. A single-feed antenna can be designed without considering isolation characteristics. However, to obtain multiple resonances, the current path must be diversified, which complicates the resonator. Such a structure has too many design parameters [3] or is bulky [4].
In [5], by changing the number of loaded resonators, the operating frequencies of a slot antenna were easily controlled. In [6], by loading U-shaped strips outside the radiating aperture of a half-mode substrate-integrated waveguide (HMSIW) cavity, additional resonances can be produced, thus leading to the realization of multiband capability. In [7], five resonant frequencies were formed by applying a parasitic metal strip to a dielectric resonator (DR). In [8], a triple-band antenna was designed using an optimization algorithm. Here, one or two additional resonances can be formed.
In this letter, a multi-band antenna was designed. Each time a slot is added, the resonant frequency increases by one, and a decaband antenna is designed. At this time, no other parameters changed. It also shows good matching characteristics, even without a tuning process. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a deca-band antenna has been proposed.

II. Deca-Band Antenna

Fig. 1 shows an extension of the quad-band antenna to an m-band antenna. Here, m is the number of resonant frequencies of the antenna (m ≥ 5). Since the resonant frequency increases in proportion to the number of slots, m slots are required to implement m resonance. The slots are added while maintaining the following conditions: first, the distance between slot #1 and the upper side of the patch is 1.1 mm. Second, the distance dm from the last slot, slot #m, to the feed point is 19.1 mm. Third, the distance between the two slots was maintained uniformly at 2.8 mm. Accordingly, when each slot is added, the length L of the patch increases by 2.8 mm, but the other parameters do not change.
Fig. 2 shows the simulated and measured reflection coefficients of antennas with 4, 6, 8, and 10 slots. It was confirmed from the simulation that the resonant frequency of the antenna increases by one as the number of slots is added one by one. The length of each slot varies slightly for the quad-band antenna, but the purpose of the m-band antenna (m ≥ 5) is to verify that the antenna’s resonant frequency is generated as slots are added. Therefore, it did not proceed through the optimization process. For this reason, for convenience, the m-th (m ≥ 5) slot is set equal to 28.7 mm × 0.2 mm. Fig. 3 shows the simulated and measured gain at θ = 0°. The proposed antenna has a broadside radiation pattern at all 10 resonant frequencies and nine radiation nulls. The measured gain is 1.6–3.9 dBi at the resonant frequencies.

III. Design Analysis

Table 2 summarizes the lengths and widths of the slots. As the simulation results show, the impedance-matching characteristics of the antenna are not poor, even without tuning for slot-related parameters.
Fig. 4 shows the resonant frequency from the quad-band antenna to the deca-band antenna according to the distance df between the feed point and the slot (starting from 14 mm and increasing by 2.8 mm). The following were from the simulation results:
  • • When the location of the slot is close to the feed point (df = 14 mm, 16.8 mm, and 19.6 mm), the resonant frequencies of all antennas do not change significantly. However, when df is greater than 19.6 mm, the resonance frequency is different, even if the distance from the feed point is the same.

  • • When one slot is added to the (m–1)-band antenna to form an m-band antenna, a new resonant frequency is formed by the added slot. This resonant frequency corresponds to f1 of the m-band antenna. In other words, f1 of the (m–1)-band antenna becomes f2 in the m-band antenna. At this time, since the distance between the slots is very close at 2.8 mm, f1 and f2 of the m-band antenna are located at a very close distance. Thus, f1 pushes f2 upward.

This phenomenon occurs in a chain, which can be explained as follows. The resonant frequency formed by the slot in which df is located at 30.8 mm is f1 = 3.31 GHz in the hepta-band, f2 = 3.635 GHz in the octa-band, f3 = 3.791 GHz in the nona-band, and f4 = 3.83 GHz in the deca-band. Because f2 of the octa-band is pushed by f1, but f3 of the nona-band is pushed by f1 and f2, and f4 of the deca-band is pushed by f1, f2, and f3, it rises further.
This rise does not occur indefinitely, but it does not increase further when it reaches 4.033 GHz. Although the spacing by the slot is constant, the spacing between the resonant frequencies is the widest between f1 and f2. The difference between the two frequencies decreases as the frequency increases. This is because, as mentioned earlier, the resonant frequency is decreased by a new slot added between the slot and the feed point. Because slot forming f1 exists at the top of the patch, many slots exist between the slot and the feed point in such a way that the length of the current path increases. Accordingly, the lower the frequency, the greater this effect, and the difference between the frequencies increases. Fig. 5 shows the measured and simulated radiation patterns at the four resonant frequencies.

IV. Conclusion

In this study, a deca-band antenna with a filtering function is implemented by applying six slots to a quad-band antenna. In this case, other parameters do not change except that the length of the patch increases for the additional slot. It also shows good matching characteristics, even without a tuning process.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a Kyonggi University Research Grant (2022).

Fig. 1
Proposed multiband antenna with more than five resonances: (a) top and side view and (b) fabricated antenna.
jees-2023-5-l-17f1.jpg
Fig. 2
Simulated and measured reflection coefficients of the m-band antenna.
jees-2023-5-l-17f2.jpg
Fig. 3
Simulated and measured gains of the deca-band antenna.
jees-2023-5-l-17f3.jpg
Fig. 4
Resonant frequency according to slot position in the m-band antenna.
jees-2023-5-l-17f4.jpg
Fig. 5
Radiation patterns at four resonance frequencies: (a) yz-plane and (b) xz-plane at f2; (c) yz-plane and (d) xz-plane at f4; (e) yz-plane and (f) xz-plane at f6; (g) yz-plane and (h) xz-plane at f8.
jees-2023-5-l-17f5.jpg
Table 1
Comparison with previous multiband antennas
Study Freq. (GHz) Size Gain (dBi) Filtering function Multi-band extension
Gong et al. [3] 2.5 / 3.6 / 4.6 / 5.7 0.73λ0 × 0.3λ0 4.9 / 5.9 / 5.5 / 4.9
Yang et al. [4] 1.87 / 2.5 / 3.5 / 6 / 7 0.4λ0 × 0.13λ0 × 0.16λ0 2.5–6.8
Xie et al. [5] 2.5 / 3.5 / 5 0.96λ0 × 0.69λ0 × 0.01λ0 4.1 / 3.7 / 4.1
Yang et al. [6] 4.5 / 5 / 5.5 0.75λ0 × 0.51λ0 5.6 / 5.9 / 5 Δ
Afifi et al. [7] 2.45 / 3.5 / 4.1 / 4.8 / 5.2 NA 2.6 / 3.7 / 3.3 / 2.7 / 4.6
Koziel and Pietrenko-Dabrowska [8] 2.4 / 3.8 / 5.6 NA N/A Δ
This work Deca-band 0.78λ0 × 0.61λ0 1.6–3.9
Table 2
The length and width of the slots of the m-band antennas
Quad-band antenna Hexa-band antenna Octa-band antenna Deca-band antenna
Slot 1 28.7 × 0.2 28.7 × 0.2 28.7 × 0.2 28.7 × 0.2
Slot 2 27.7 × 0.2 28.7 × 0.2 28.7 × 0.2 28.7 × 0.2
Slot 3 26.7 × 0.2 28.7 × 0.2 28.7 × 0.2 28.7 × 0.2
Slot 4 26.7 × 0.2 27.7 × 0.2 28.7 × 0.2 28.7 × 0.2
Slot 5 NA 26.7 × 0.2 28.7 × 0.2 28.7 × 0.2
Slot 6 NA 26.7 × 0.2 27.7 × 0.2 28.7 × 0.2
Slot 7 NA NA 26.7 × 0.2 28.7 × 0.2
Slot 8 NA NA 26.7 × 0.2 27.7 × 0.2
Slot 9 NA NA NA 26.7 × 0.2
Slot 10 NA NA NA 26.7 × 0.2

References

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